William Robert Parker, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Surgery

Department:
Surgery

Email:
bparkerdukeedu

Mailing Address:
Box 2605, DUMC
Durham, NC 27710

Telephone:
919-681-3886

Training:
Ph.D., University of Nebraska College of Medicine

Last Updated:
January 06, 2010

Research Interests:
1. Transplantation: We are evaluating the role of gastroesophageal reflux as a cause of pulmonary allograft dysfunction and immune cell activation. Research is conducted in collaboration with Dr. R. Duane Davis and Dr. Shu S. Lin (Thoracic Surgery Division) in the Department of Surgery and focuses on pulmonary transplantation.

2. Gut immunity: Research has focused on the promicrobial aspects of the immune system. In collaboration with Dr. Randy Bollinger, we have focused on the model of "immune inclusion" in the gut. Work has led to a determination of the apparent function of the human appendix.

3. Protein folding: Research has focused on the potential role of amphiphilic α-helical potential in the folding of all proteins, including predominantly β-sheet proteins. We are currently conducting experiments aimed at evaluating the working hypothesis that α-helical "dormant domains" are involved in the folding of β-sheet proteins.

4. The hygiene hypothesis: We are investigating the immunological differences between laboratory-raised and wild-raised animals as a probe for differences between humans with and without modern medical care, respectively. This comprehensive approach has turned up unexpected and dramatic differences between the unhygienic and hygienic populations. Such differences likely explain the rising incidence of allergy and autoimmune disease in countries with modern medical practice such as the United States.

Publications:
2009 -- Pubmed # 19477034 -- Cheng CM, Hsieh CC, Lin CS, Dai ZK, Shih PK, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Parker W, Davis RD, Lin SS. Macrophage activation by gastric fluid suggests MMP involvement in aspiration-induced lung disease. Immunobiology. 2009 May 22.

2009 -- Pubmed # 19596821 -- Barbas AS, Lesher AP, Thomas AD, Wyse A, Devalapalli AP, Lee YH, Tan HE, Orndorff PE, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Altering and assessing persistence of genetically modified E. coli MG1655 in the large bowel. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 Oct;234(10):1174-85.

2009 -- Pubmed # 19678866 -- Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. J Evol Biol. 2009 Oct;22(10):1984-99.

2009 -- Pubmed # 19915914 -- Thomas AD, Su KY, Chang JC, Leung JH, Lee SM, Holzknecht ZE, Everett ML, Parker W, Davis RD, Lin SS. Gastroesophageal reflux-associated aspiration alters the immune response in asthma. Surg Endosc. 2009 Nov 14.

2008 -- Pubmed # 18717828 -- Barbas AS, Downing TE, Balsara KR, Tan HE, Rubinstein GJ, Holzknecht ZE, Collins BH, Parker W, Davis RD, Lin SS. Chronic aspiration shifts the immune response from Th1 to Th2 in a murine model of asthma. Eur J Clin Invest. 2008 Aug;38(8):596-602.

2008 -- Pubmed # 18641054 -- Downing TE, Sporn TA, Bollinger RR, Davis RD, Parker W, Lin SS. Pulmonary histopathology in an experimental model of chronic aspiration is independent of acidity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Oct;233(10):1202-12.

2008 -- Pubmed # 18557728 -- Li B, Hartwig MG, Appel JZ, Bush EL, Balsara KR, Holzknecht ZE, Collins BH, Howell DN, Parker W, Lin SS, Davis RD. Chronic aspiration of gastric fluid induces the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in rat lung transplants. Am J Transplant. 2008 Aug;8(8):1614-21.

2007 -- Pubmed # 18042282 -- Appel JZ 3rd, Lee SM, Hartwig MG, Li B, Hsieh CC, Cantu E 3rd, Yoon Y, Lin SS, Parker W, Davis RD. Characterization of the innate immune response to chronic aspiration in a novel rodent model. Respir Res. 2007;8:87.

2007 -- Pubmed # 17936308 -- Randal Bollinger R, Barbas AS, Bush EL, Lin SS, Parker W. Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix. J Theor Biol. 2007 Dec 21;249(4):826-31.

2007 -- Pubmed # 17872584 -- Bollinger RR, Barbas AS, Bush EL, Lin SS, Parker W. Biofilms in the normal human large bowel: fact rather than fiction. Gut. 2007 Oct;56(10):1481-2.

2007 -- Pubmed # 17109734 -- Cantu E, Balsara KR, Li B, Lau C, Gibson S, Wyse A, Baig K, Gaca J, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Nichols T, Parker W, Davis RD. Prolonged function of macrophage, von Willebrand factor-deficient porcine pulmonary xenografts. Am J Transplant. 2007 Jan;7(1):66-75.

2006 -- Pubmed # 16399314 -- Hartwig MG, Appel JZ, Li B, Hsieh CC, Yoon YH, Lin SS, Irish W, Parker W, Davis RD. Chronic aspiration of gastric fluid accelerates pulmonary allograft dysfunction in a rat model of lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Jan;131(1):209-17.

2006 -- Pubmed # 16594897 -- Lesher A, Li B, Whitt P, Newton N, Devalapalli AP, Shieh K, Solow JS, Parker W. Increased IL-4 production and attenuated proliferative and pro-inflammatory responses of splenocytes from wild-caught rats (Rattus norvegicus). Immunol Cell Biol. 2006 Apr 3.

2006 -- Pubmed # 16310051 -- Bollinger RR, Everett ML, Wahl SD, Lee YH, Orndorff PE, Parker W. Secretory IgA and mucin-mediated biofilm formation by environmental strains of Escherichia coli: role of type 1 pili. Mol Immunol. 2006 Feb;43(4):378-87.

2006 -- Pubmed # 16641602 -- Cantu E, Gaca JG, Palestrant D, Baig K, Lukes DJ, Gibson SE, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Olausson M, Parker W, Davis RD. Depletion of pulmonary intravascular macrophages prevents hyperacute pulmonary xenograft dysfunction. Transplantation. 2006 Apr 27;81(8):1157-64.

2006 -- Pubmed # 16794535 -- Gaca JG, Appel JZ 3rd, Lukes JG, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Lesher A, Palestrant D, Logan JS, Love SD, Holzknecht ZE, Platt JL, Parker W, Davis RD. Effect of an anti-C5a monoclonal antibody indicates a prominent role for anaphylatoxin in pulmonary xenograft dysfunction. Transplantation. 2006 Jun 27;81(12):1686-94.

2006 -- Pubmed # 16867157 -- Devalapalli AP, Lesher A, Shieh K, Solow JS, Everett ML, Edala AS, Whitt P, Long RR, Newton N, Parker W. Increased levels of IgE and autoreactive, polyreactive IgG in wild rodents: implications for the hygiene hypothesis. Scand J Immunol. 2006 Aug;64(2):125-36.

2005 -- Pubmed # 15734434 -- Lawson JH, Lynn KA, Vanmatre RM, Domzalski T, Klemp KF, Ortel TL, Niklason LE, Parker W. Antihuman factor V antibodies after use of relatively pure bovine thrombin. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Mar;79(3):1037-8.

2005 -- Pubmed # 16003240 -- Yu PB, Parker W, Nayak JV, Platt JL. Sensitization with xenogeneic tissues alters the heavy chain repertoire of human anti-Galalpha1-3Gal antibodies. Transplantation. 2005 Jul 15;80(1):102-9.

2005 -- Pubmed # 16033537 -- Parker W, Lesher AP. In pursuit of xenoreactive antibodies: where has it gotten us? Immunol Cell Biol. 2005 Aug;83(4):413-7.

2005 -- Pubmed # 16298587 -- Lukes DJ, Cantu E, Gaca JG, Hallberg E, Karlsson-Parra A, Parker W, Olausson M, Davis RD. Oral feeding with pig peripheral lymphocytes decreases the xenogeneic delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in galactosyltransferase knockout mice. Transplant Proc. 2005 Oct;37(8):3327-31.

2004 -- Pubmed # 15039312 -- Orndorff PE, Devapali A, Palestrant S, Wyse A, Everett ML, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Immunoglobulin-Mediated Agglutination of and Biofilm Formation by Escherichia coli K-12 Require the Type 1 Pilus Fiber. Infect Immun. 2004 Apr;72(4):1929-38.

2004 -- Pubmed # 14967595 -- Palestrant D, Holzknecht ZE, Collins BH, Parker W, Miller SE, Bollinger RR. Microbial biofilms in the gut: visualization by electron microscopy and by acridine orange staining. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2004 Jan-Feb;28(1):23-7.

2004 -- Pubmed # 14871271 -- Cantu E, Parker W, Platt JL, Duane Davis R. Pulmonary xenotransplantation: rapidly progressing into the unknown. Am J Transplant. 2004;4 Suppl 6:25-35.

2004 -- Everett, M.L., Palestrant, D., Miller, S.E., Bollinger, R.R. & Parker, W. (2004) Immune Exclusion and Immune Inclusion: a New Model of Host-Bacterial Interactions in the Gut. Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews, 5, 321-332.

2003 -- Pubmed # 12565844 -- Lou Everett M, Lin SS, Worrell SS, Platt JL, Parker W. The footprint of antibody bound to pig cells: evidence of complex surface topology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Feb 14;301(3):751-7.

2003 -- Pubmed # 12740793 -- Everett ML, Collins BH, Parker W. Kupffer cells: Another player in liver tolerance induction. Liver Transpl. 2003 May;9(5):498-9.

2003 -- Pubmed # 12871226 -- Bollinger RR, Everett ML, Palestrant D, Love SD, Lin SS, Parker W. Human secretory immunoglobulin A may contribute to biofilm formation in the gut. Immunology. 2003 Aug;109(4):580-7.

2003 -- Pubmed # 14522327 -- Schoenecker JG, Johnson RK, Fields RC, Lesher AP, Domzalski T, Baig K, Lawson JH, Parker W. Relative purity of thrombin-based hemostatic agents used in surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2003 Oct;197(4):580-90.

2003 -- Pubmed # 12919085 -- Lau CL, Cantu E 3rd, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Holzknecht ZE, Nichols TC, Posther KE, Rayborn CA, Platt JL, Parker W, Davis RD. The role of antibodies and von Willebrand factor in discordant pulmonary xenotransplantation. Am J Transplant. 2003 Sep;3(9):1065-75.

2003 -- Pubmed # 12873428 -- Gaca JG, Palestrant D, Lukes DJ, Olausson M, Parker W, Davis RD Jr. Prevention of acute lung injury in swine: depletion of pulmonary intravascular macrophages using liposomal clodronate. J Surg Res. 2003 Jun 1;112(1):19-25.

2003 -- Pubmed # 14617269 -- Parker W. Polyreactive antibodies and their association with xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation. 2003 Nov;10(6):542-4.

2002 -- Pubmed # 11999347 -- Lee W, Gaca JG, Edwards LA, Braedehoeft SJ, Parker W, Davis RD. Binding of polyreactive antibodies to self versus foreign antigens. Immunobiology. 2002 Mar;205(1):95-107.

2002 -- Pubmed # 12084992 -- Gaca JG, Lesher A, Aksoy O, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Platt JL, Lawson JH, Parker W, Davis RD. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with pig-to-primate pulmonary xenotransplantation. Transplantation. 2002 Jun 15;73(11):1717-23.

2002 -- Pubmed # 12081067 -- Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Daggett CW, Lau CL, Karoor S, Love SD, Logan JS, Gaca JG, Parker W, Davis RD Jr. Non-anti-Gal alpha1-3Gal antibody mechanisms are sufficient to cause hyperacute lung dysfunction in pulmonary xenotransplantation. J Am Coll Surg. 2002 Jun;194(6):765-73.

2002 -- Pubmed # 12490794 -- Gaca JG, Lesher A, Aksoy O, Ruggeri ZM, Parker W, Davis RD. The role of the porcine von Willebrand factor: baboon platelet interactions in pulmonary xenotransplantation. Transplantation. 2002 Dec 15;74(11):1596-603.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11696457 -- Schoenecker JG, Johnson RK, Lesher AP, Day JD, Love SD, Hoffman MR, Ortel TL, Parker W, Lawson JH. Exposure of mice to topical bovine thrombin induces systemic autoimmunity. Am J Pathol. 2001 Nov;159(5):1957-69.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11213079 -- Parker W, Lin SS, Platt JL. Antigen expression in xenotransplantation: how low must it go? Transplantation. 2001 Jan 27;71(2):313-9.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11438753 -- Parker W, Sood A, Song A. Organization of regions with amphiphilic alpha-helical potential within the three-dimensional structure of beta-sheet proteins. Protein Eng. 2001 May;14(5):315-9.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11457141 -- Stezowski JJ, Parker W, Hilgenkamp S, Gdaniec M. Pseudopolymorphism in tetradeca-2,6-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin: the crystal structures for two new hydrates-conformational variability in the alkylated beta-cyclodextrin molecule. J Am Chem Soc. 2001 May 2;123(17):3919-26.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11680568 -- Gaca JG, Lee W, Aksoy O, Braedehoeft SJ, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Parker W, Davis RD. Evidence for polyreactive xenoreactive antibodies in the repertoire of human anti-swine antibodies: the 'next' humoral barrier to xenotransplantation? Transpl Immunol. 2001 Oct;9(1):19-27.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11161973 -- Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Yu PB, Love SD, Parker W, Davis RD Jr. Hapten-induced primary and memory humoral responses are inhibited by the infusion of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (IDEC-C2B8, Rituximab). Clin Immunol. 2001 Feb;98(2):175-9.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11233908 -- Parker W, Stitzenberg KB, Yu PB, Pratt VS, Nakamura YC, Farel LS, Ward CM, Lin SS, Everett ML, Platt JL. Biophysical characteristics of anti-Gal(alpha)1-3Gal IgM binding to cell surfaces: implications for xenotransplantation. Transplantation. 2001 Feb 15;71(3):440-6.

2001 -- Pubmed # 11402499 -- Love SD, Lee W, Nakamura YC, Platt JL, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Unexpected anti-alpha GalNAc antibodies in alpha-galactosyl transferase-deficient mice: complex relationship between genotype and the natural antibody repertoire. Immunobiology. 2001 May;203(4):650-8.

2000 -- Pubmed # 11202233 -- Schoenecker JG, Hauck RK, Mercer MC, Parker W, Lawson JH. Exposure to topical bovine thrombin during surgery elicits a response against the xenogeneic carbohydrate galactose alpha1-3galactose. J Clin Immunol. 2000 Nov;20(6):434-44.

2000 -- Pubmed # 11121547 -- Love SD, Lee W, Nakamura YC, Platt JL, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Natural anti-carbohydrate IgM in mice: dependence on age and strain. J Immunol Methods. 2000 Dec 1;246(1-2):61-8.

2000 -- Pubmed # 11152095 -- Lin SS, Hanaway MJ, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Lau CL, Parker W, Davis RD, Byrne GW, Diamond LE, Logan JS, Platt JL. The role of anti-Galalpha1-3Gal antibodies in acute vascular rejection and accommodation of xenografts. Transplantation. 2000 Dec 27;70(12):1667-74.

2000 -- Pubmed # 10884652 -- Lau CL, Daggett WC, Yeatman MF, Chai P, Lin SS, Lodge AJ, Chen EP, Diamond LE, Byrne GW, Logan JS, Parker W, Platt JL, Davis RD. The role of antibodies in dysfunction of pig-to-baboon pulmonary transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Jul;120(1):29-38.

1999 -- Pubmed # 10226886 -- Yu PB, Parker W, Everett ML, Fox IJ, Platt JL. Immunochemical properties of anti-Gal alpha 1-3Gal antibodies after sensitization with xenogeneic tissues. J Clin Immunol. 1999 Mar;19(2):116-26.

1999 -- Pubmed # 9989228 -- Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Parker W, Holzknecht ZE, Huber NS, Platt JL. Partial sequence of human platelet heparitinase and evidence of its ability to polymerize. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999 Jan 11;1429(2):431-8.

1999 -- Pubmed # 10460828 -- Parker W, Lin SS, Yu PB, Sood A, Nakamura YC, Song A, Everett ML, Platt JL. Naturally occurring anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies: relationship to xenoreactive anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies. Glycobiology. 1999 Sep;9(9):865-73.

1998 -- Pubmed # 9572470 -- Ihrcke NS, Parker W, Reissner KJ, Platt JL. Regulation of platelet heparanase during inflammation: role of pH and proteinases. J Cell Physiol. 1998 Jun;175(3):255-67.

1998 -- Pubmed # 9502425 -- Parker W, Holzknecht ZE, Song A, Blocher BA, Bustos M, Reissner KJ, Everett ML, Platt JL. Fate of antigen in xenotransplantation: implications for acute vascular rejection and accommodation. Am J Pathol. 1998 Mar;152(3):829-39.

1998 -- Pubmed # 9597541 -- Lin SS, Parker W, Everett ML, Platt JL. Differential recognition by proteins of alpha-galactosyl residues on endothelial cell surfaces. Glycobiology. 1998 May;8(5):433-43.

1998 -- Pubmed # 9541506 -- Lin SS, Weidner BC, Byrne GW, Diamond LE, Lawson JH, Hoopes CW, Daniels LJ, Daggett CW, Parker W, Harland RC, Davis RD, Bollinger RR, Logan JS, Platt JL. The role of antibodies in acute vascular rejection of pig-to-baboon cardiac transplants. J Clin Invest. 1998 Apr 15;101(8):1745-56.

1998 -- Pubmed # 9583870 -- Yeatman M, Daggett CW, Parker W, Byrne GW, Logan JS, Platt JL, Davis RD. Complement-mediated pulmonary xenograft injury: studies in swine-to-primate orthotopic single lung transplant models. Transplantation. 1998 Apr 27;65(8):1084-93.

1997 -- Pubmed # 9402688 -- Lin SS, Kooyman DL, Daniels LJ, Daggett CW, Parker W, Lawson JH, Hoopes CW, Gullotto C, Li L, Birch P, Davis RD, Diamond LE, Logan JS, Platt JL. The role of natural anti-Gal alpha 1-3Gal antibodies in hyperacute rejection of pig-to-baboon cardiac xenotransplants. Transpl Immunol. 1997 Sep;5(3):212-8.

1997 -- Pubmed # 9475338 -- McCurry KR, Parker W, Cotterell AH, Weidner BC, Lin SS, Daniels LJ, Holzknecht ZE, Byrne GW, Diamond LE, Logan JS, Platt JL. Humoral responses to pig-to-baboon cardiac transplantation: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of acute vascular rejection and for accommodation. Hum Immunol. 1997 Dec;58(2):91-105.

1997 -- Pubmed # 9258770 -- Parker W, Yu PB, Holzknecht ZE, Lundberg K, Buckley RH, Platt JL. Specificity and function of "natural" antibodies in immunodeficient subjects: clues to B cell lineage and development. J Clin Immunol. 1997 Jul;17(4):311-21.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8623298 -- Lin SS, Holzknecht ZE, Parker W, Lindman BJ, Platt JL. Porcine endothelial cell membrane antigens recognized by human and baboon xenoreactive antibodies during organ perfusion. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):607.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8623278 -- Lin SS, Parker W, Lundberg-Swanson K, Holtzknecht ZE, Platt JL. Xenoreactive natural antibodies and isohemagglutinins: a distinct class of antibodies. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):573.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8623266 -- Alvarado CG, Cotterell AH, Parker W, Logan JS, Platt JL. Variation in expression of biologically reactive xenoantigen does not correlate with expression of Gal alpha (1-3)Gal. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):555.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8623258 -- Cotterell AH, Collins BH, Parker W, Harland RC, Platt JL. The humoral immune response in humans following ex vivo perfusion of porcine livers. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):546.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8623260 -- Parker W, Lateef J, Everett ML, Bruno D, Platt JL. Characterization of xenoreactive natural antibodies: interactions with carbohydrate determinants. Transplant Proc. 1996 Apr;28(2):548.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8783498 -- Parker W, Saadi S, Lin SS, Holzknecht ZE, Bustos M, Platt JL. Transplantation of discordant xenografts: a challenge revisited. Immunol Today. 1996 Aug;17(8):373-8.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8877370 -- Parker W, Lateef J, Everett ML, Platt JL. Specificity of xenoreactive anti-Gal alpha 1-3Gal IgM for alpha-galactosyl ligands. Glycobiology. 1996 Jul;6(5):499-506.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8882406 -- Parker W, Lundberg-Swanson K, Holzknecht ZE, Lateef J, Washburn SA, Braedehoeft SJ, Platt JL. Isohemagglutinins and xenoreactive antibodies: members of a distinct family of natural antibodies. Hum Immunol. 1996 Feb;45(2):94-104.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8811740 -- Parker W, Stezowski JJ. The surface of beta-sheet proteins contains amphiphilic regions which may provide clues about protein folding. Proteins. 1996 Jun;25(2):253-60.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8623148 -- Kooyman DL, McClellan SB, Parker W, Avissar PL, Velardo MA, Platt JL, Logan JS. Identification and characterization of a galactosyl peptide mimetic. Implications for use in removing xenoreactive anti-A Gal antibodies. Transplantation. 1996 Mar 27;61(6):851-5.

1996 -- Pubmed # 8943428 -- Yu PB, Holzknecht ZE, Bruno D, Parker W, Platt JL. Modulation of natural IgM binding and complement activation by natural IgG antibodies: a role for IgG anti-Gal alpha1-3Gal antibodies. J Immunol. 1996 Dec 1;157(11):5163-8.

1995 -- Pubmed # 8581406 -- Parker W, Bruno D, Platt JL. Xenoreactive natural antibodies in the world of natural antibodies: typical or unique? Transpl Immunol. 1995 Sep;3(3):181-91.

1995 -- Pubmed # 7482748 -- Cotterell AH, Collins BH, Parker W, Harland RC, Platt JL. The humoral immune response in humans following cross-perfusion of porcine organs. Transplantation. 1995 Oct 27;60(8):861-8.

1995 -- Pubmed # 7786406 -- Parker W, Wells TA, Meza-Keuthen S, Kim IS, Song PS. Purification and characterization of a 60-kDa protein from oat, formerly known as a TCP1-related chaperone. J Protein Chem. 1995 Feb;14(2):53-7.

1995 -- Pubmed # 7537308 -- Collins BH, Cotterell AH, McCurry KR, Alvarado CG, Magee JC, Parker W, Platt JL. Cardiac xenografts between primate species provide evidence for the importance of the alpha-galactosyl determinant in hyperacute rejection. J Immunol. 1995 May 15;154(10):5500-10.

1995 -- Pubmed # 7489401 -- Platt JL, Parker W. Another step towards xenotransplantation. Nat Med. 1995 Dec;1(12):1248-50.

1994 -- Pubmed # 7930596 -- Parker W, Bruno D, Holzknecht ZE, Platt JL. Characterization and affinity isolation of xenoreactive human natural antibodies. J Immunol. 1994 Oct 15;153(8):3791-803.

1992 -- Pubmed # 1390724 -- Parker W, Partis M, Song PS. N-terminal domain of Avena phytochrome: interactions with sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles and N-terminal chain truncated phytochrome. Biochemistry. 1992 Oct 6;31(39):9413-20.

1992 -- Pubmed # 1600087 -- Parker W, Song PS. Protein structures in SDS micelle-protein complexes. Biophys J. 1992 May;61(5):1435-9.

1990 -- Pubmed # 2170385 -- Parker W, Song PS. Location of helical regions in tetrapyrrole-containing proteins by a helical hydrophobic moment analysis. Application to phytochrome. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 15;265(29):17568-75.

1990 -- Pubmed # 2204422 -- Choi JK, Kim IS, Kwon TI, Parker W, Song PS. Spectral perturbations and oligomer/monomer formation in 124-kilodalton Avena phytochrome. Biochemistry. 1990 Jul 24;29(29):6883-91.